Sure, here are the answers to the "cpprep4002 assessment" questions:

What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?

• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that revolves around the concept of "objects," which can contain data in the form of fields (attributes or properties) and code in the form of procedures (methods or functions). It emphasizes the organization of code into reusable, modular components.
• OOP enables programmers to create software using objects that interact with each other, mimicking real-world entities and their interactions.

List and explain the four main principles of OOP.

• Encapsulation: This principle involves bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a single unit, i.e., the object. Encapsulation hides the internal state of an object from the outside world and only exposes the necessary functionality through well-defined interfaces.
• Inheritance: Inheritance allows a class (subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviors from another class (superclass or base class). It promotes code reuse and facilitates the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes.
• Polymorphism: Polymorphism refers to the ability of objects to take on multiple forms. It allows different objects to respond to the same message or method call in different ways, depending on their specific implementation. Polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding and method overloading.
• Abstraction: Abstraction involves simplifying complex systems by focusing on the essential aspects while hiding unnecessary details. It allows programmers to create models that capture only relevant attributes and behaviors of objects, making the system more manageable and understandable.

What is a class in OOP?

• A class in OOP is a blueprint for creating objects. It defines the attributes (data fields) and behaviors (methods) that all objects of that class will have. Think of a class as a template or a cookie cutter from which individual objects are created.

Explain the difference between a class and an object.

• Class: A class is a blueprint or template that defines the structure and behavior of objects. It encapsulates data for the object and methods to operate on that data.
• Object: An object is an instance of a class. It is a concrete realization of the class blueprint, possessing its own unique state (values for the data fields) and behavior (invoking methods defined in the class).

What is the purpose of constructors in a class?

• Constructors are special methods within a class that are automatically called when an object of the class is created. Their purpose is to initialize the object's state by assigning initial values to its data members. Constructors ensure that objects start in a valid state and are ready for use.

Explain the concept of inheritance in OOP.

• Inheritance is a fundamental feature of OOP that allows a new class (subclass or derived class) to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class (superclass or base class). The subclass can extend or modify the functionality of the superclass while inheriting its attributes and methods. This promotes code reuse, as common functionality can be defined in a superclass and shared among multiple subclasses.

What is method overloading?

• Method overloading is a feature in OOP where multiple methods within the same class can have the same name but differ in the number or types of parameters they accept. This allows for more intuitive method names and enhances code readability. The compiler determines which method to call based on the number and types of arguments passed to it.

Explain the concept of polymorphism.

• Polymorphism, meaning "many forms," is a core concept in OOP that allows objects to be treated as instances of their parent class or any of their subclasses. It enables a single interface to represent different underlying forms (objects) and allows methods to behave differently based on the object they are invoked upon. Polymorphism can be achieved through method overriding and method overloading.

What is method overriding?

• Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. The overridden method in the subclass has the same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the superclass. This allows the subclass to provide its own behavior while still adhering to the method signature defined in the superclass.

What is the difference between method overriding and method overloading?

• Method Overriding: Method overriding occurs when a subclass provides a specific implementation of a method that is already defined in its superclass. It involves redefining a method in the subclass with the same signature as in the superclass.
• Method Overloading: Method overloading involves defining multiple methods in the same class with the same name but different parameters. Overloaded methods have different signatures, allowing them to perform different tasks based on the parameters passed to them. Overloading occurs within a single class and does not involve inheritance.

These answers should provide a comprehensive understanding of the key concepts in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). If you need further clarification on any topic, feel free to ask!